Forensic Science Processes Securing And Packaging Evidence Answer Key

Forensic Science Processes: Securing and Packaging Evidence – A Comprehensive Guide

Forensic science plays a crucial role in the criminal justice system, providing objective evidence to aid in investigations and prosecutions. A critical aspect of this process, often overlooked by the public, is the proper securing and packaging of evidence. Contamination, mishandling, or inadequate preservation can compromise the integrity of evidence, leading to inadmissible findings and jeopardizing the entire case. This article delves into the meticulous processes involved in securing and packaging various types of forensic evidence, ensuring its admissibility in court.

Understanding the Chain of Custody

Before discussing specific methods, it's crucial to understand the chain of custody. This is a detailed, documented record of every individual who has handled a piece of evidence from the moment it's discovered to the moment it's presented in court. Maintaining an unbroken chain of custody is paramount; any gaps or inconsistencies can cast doubt on the evidence's authenticity and render it useless. The chain of custody usually includes:

• Date and time of collection: Precise timestamping is vital.
• Location of collection: Specific details regarding the scene.
• Collector's identification: Name, badge number, and signature.
• Description of the evidence: Detailed description, including unique identifiers.
• Transfer record: Each transfer of evidence between individuals is meticulously documented.
• Storage location: Detailed information on where the evidence is stored.
• Signatures at each transfer: Each person handling the evidence signs the chain of custody form.

Securing the Crime Scene: The First Step

The integrity of evidence begins with proper crime scene management. Securing the scene prevents contamination and ensures that evidence remains undisturbed:

Isolating the Area:

The first responders' primary task is establishing a perimeter to prevent unauthorized access. This involves cordoning off the area, controlling entry and exit points, and preventing the movement of people and vehicles within the secured zone.

Documenting the Scene:

Detailed documentation is critical. This includes:

• Photography: Comprehensive photographic documentation of the scene, including overall views, medium shots, and close-ups of evidence.
• Videography: Video recording offers a dynamic perspective and can supplement still photography.
• Sketching: Detailed sketches of the scene, including measurements and the location of evidence.
• Notes: Thorough written notes detailing observations, actions taken, and any other relevant information.

Securing Different Types of Evidence

Different types of evidence require specialized handling to preserve their integrity. Here's a breakdown of common evidence types and their specific packaging requirements:

Biological Evidence (Blood, Semen, Saliva, Hair, Tissue):

• Collection: Use sterile instruments to collect samples, avoiding contamination. Swabs are often used for collecting trace amounts of biological materials.
• Packaging: Airtight, breathable containers (paper bags are preferred over plastic bags to prevent mold growth) are used to allow for air circulation while minimizing contamination. Proper labeling is essential, including the case number, item number, date, time, location, and collector's initials.
• Preservation: Refrigerate or freeze samples as appropriate to prevent degradation.

Trace Evidence (Fibers, Hair, Paint Chips, Glass Fragments):

• Collection: Use forceps or similar tools to collect samples. Avoid touching the evidence directly with bare hands.
• Packaging: Place samples in small, clean envelopes or vials. Each item should be packaged separately to avoid cross-contamination. Clearly label each container.
• Preservation: Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight.

Firearms and Ammunition:

• Collection: Handle firearms carefully, ensuring the weapon is unloaded and rendered safe before handling. Ammunition should be collected separately and carefully documented.
• Packaging: Firearms should be placed in a sturdy case to prevent damage during transport. Ammunition should be packaged in separate, labeled containers. Detailed documentation of the firearm's serial number and condition is essential.
• Preservation: Store in a secure location, away from unauthorized access.

Digital Evidence (Computers, Phones, Hard Drives):

• Collection: Securely unplug devices and image their contents using forensic software. Never attempt to access or alter the data on the devices directly.
• Packaging: Store devices in anti-static bags and secure containers to protect from electromagnetic interference and physical damage. A chain of custody form should accompany each device.
• Preservation: Store devices in a secure, climate-controlled environment.

Documents and Writings:

• Collection: Handle documents carefully, avoiding damage or contamination. Use gloves to avoid transferring fingerprints.
• Packaging: Place documents in clear, plastic sleeves or acid-free envelopes to protect them from damage and moisture.
• Preservation: Store documents in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight.

Controlled Substances:

• Collection: Use sterile instruments and appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) to collect controlled substances. Proper weighing and documentation are essential.
• Packaging: Seal controlled substances in tamper-evident bags or containers. Each container should be clearly labeled with the case number, substance type, weight, and date of collection.
• Preservation: Store in a secure, locked location under chain of custody control.

Maintaining Evidence Integrity: Key Considerations

Throughout the entire process, maintaining the integrity of the evidence is paramount. Several key considerations help ensure this:

• Proper labeling: Each piece of evidence must be clearly labeled with pertinent information. This includes the case number, item number, date, time, location, and collector's initials.
• Appropriate packaging: Using suitable packaging materials prevents contamination, damage, and loss of evidence.
• Complete documentation: Meticulous record-keeping is crucial, including the chain of custody form and detailed descriptions of the evidence.
• Secure storage: Store evidence in a secure location, protected from unauthorized access and environmental factors.
• Regular inspection: Regularly inspect stored evidence for any signs of degradation or contamination.

Consequences of Improper Evidence Handling

Failure to follow proper procedures can lead to several critical consequences:

• Inadmissibility of evidence: Improperly handled evidence may be deemed inadmissible in court, weakening or even destroying the prosecution's case.
• Compromised investigation: Contamination or loss of evidence can hinder the investigation and prevent the identification of suspects.
• Mistrials: Cases can be dismissed due to significant flaws in evidence handling.
• Legal challenges: The defense may challenge the authenticity and integrity of the evidence, potentially leading to acquittals or reduced sentences.

Conclusion

Securing and packaging evidence is a critical aspect of forensic science. The meticulous attention to detail, adherence to established protocols, and rigorous maintenance of the chain of custody are essential for ensuring that evidence is admissible, reliable, and contributes to a just outcome. Any lapse in these processes can have severe repercussions, undermining the entire judicial process. Therefore, continuous training and adherence to best practices are fundamental to upholding the integrity of forensic evidence and the pursuit of justice.